Entries by Raymond P. Burkholder

One wouldn't normally associate these together, but after encountering the pebble in the shoe for far too long, it is nice to have a 'mostly' resolution.

My first introduction to the wonders of Wayland was when I assembled my new computer based upon the Asus ProArt X670E-CREATOR WIFI motherboard (motherboard works just fine) and installed Debian Trixie with the KDE windowing system. In this install, the default rendering manager is Wayland. For a user running a single monitor and a single virtual desktop, this is probably the cat's meow.

However, having used LXDE with virtual desktops, and when ever restarting Firefox, all my multitude of FireFox windows were placed in their original positions on my multiple monitors and across my virtual desktops. Trying to do this in the world of KDE/Wayland turned out to be impossible.

My interim solution was to create a Firefox profile for each virtual desktop. At least that provided the ability to keep the windows local. It also reduced the number of windows in each profile, and accessing content was a bit snappier, as there were fewer windows. I don't know why multiple windows will slow down Firefox, but it started back in the v90's I think.

Then when I installed an NVidia RTX 5070 TI, and moved my monitors over to it, my mouse got shaky and stuttery. Some forum users suggested disconnecting and reconnecting one or more video cables may shake the problem loose. This was not a solution for me.

I was thinking that Wayland was my only option and there was no going back to X11. But yes it was possible. I simply needed to logout, choose a setting in tiny print in the lower left of the screen and select X11.

When logging in with X11, the mouse stuttering stopped.

And by happenstance, when I brought Firefox back up with all the windows, the Windows started shifting over to their original locations.

Prior to this, I didn't know: Wayland doesn’t let applications set their position, but it does allow them to set their size - so that is why I can't restore my Firefox windows to their original locations.

Wayland's positioning problem leads to a KiCad remark: KiCad's development team recently came out saying Wayland was feature poor and kind of buggy which results in their application not running well on it. Some of it due to this window placement problem.

Overall, my primary problems have disappeared, but I find that running three 4K monitors off an RTX 5070 Ti in X11 mode, everything appears a bit 'laggy'. Next weekend, I'll switch my monitors back to the on-board Video and see if the lag is more or less.

One of the reasons for moving the monitors to the NVidia card was that when monitors went into sleep mode when I was away from the computer, a few apps including a couple Wine based apps had their windows closed. Now, if I move back to the onboard video card, and retain monitor power-off, I'll see if this works.

And at the same time, maybe I can save an extra 30W that nvidia-smi says it consumes when driving my monitors.

Note, I got the NVidia card, not for gaming, but for running PyTorch/libtorch based simulations.

As a side note, there is a world of difference when running nvidia-settings when in Wayland mode and when in X11 mode.

One more reminder for myself, to use the NVidia card for monitors instead of the onboard video card, this was needed:

cat /etc/modprobe.d/nvidia.conf                                                                                                                                                                                                          
options nvidia-drm modeset=1

With the following note:

Setting modeset=1 doesn’t actually install a framebuffer console. All it really does is enable the DRIVER_MODESET capability flag in the nvidia-drm devices so that DRM clients can use the various modesetting APIs. In addition to allowing clients that talk to the low-level DRM interface to work, it’s also necessary for some PRIME-related interoperability features.

The downside, if you want to call it that, is that loading nvidia-drm with modeset=1 causes it to configure and initialize all GPUs immediately rather than waiting for a client to open the /dev/nvidia* device files. This means that some options that require a userspace application to configure them before the GPUs are initialized won’t work if they were already configured by nvidia-drm. The big example at the moment is SLI Mosaic, which is enabled by the X driver if /etc/X11/xorg.conf says it should be.

Resources:

• Wayland does work and does stuff people claim it can’t - long discussion of Wayland capabilities and non-capabilities
• Wayland + Firefox, can’t restore windows to correct location - others have had my problem with Firefox windows returning to position when using Wayland

	git clone https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git
	cd linux-stable
	git checkout v6.15.4
	cp /boot/config-$(uname -r) arch/x86/configs/my_defconfig
	make my_defconfig
	make localmodconfig
	make localyesconfig
	make -j 12
	make install

From an email list:

	git clone https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git
	cd linux
	cat /proc/config.gz > .config
	yes '' | make oldconfig
	make localmodconfig
	make savedefconfig
	cp defconfig arch/x86/configs/test_defconfig

	git bisect start v6.11 v6.6

Then iterate:

	make test_defconfig
	make
	make install

Test the newly installed kernel. Depending on the kernel having the problem or not run:

	git bisect good

or

	git bisect bad

Repeat until git identifed the problematic commit.

Note: Make sure to pick the right kernel to boot, it's not always the one with the highest version number. After a test you can remove the installed kernel at any time (and you probably want that to not run out of disk space).

Data-Driven Heat Pump Management: Combining Machine Learning with Anomaly Detection for Residential Hot Water Systems

Heat pumps (HPs) have emerged as a cost-effective and clean technology for sustainable energy systems, but their efficiency in producing hot water remains restricted by conventional threshold-based control methods. Although machine learning (ML) has been successfully implemented for various HP applications, optimization of household hot water demand forecasting remains understudied.

This paper addresses this problem by introducing a novel approach that combines predictive ML with anomaly detection to create adaptive hot water production strategies based on household-specific consumption patterns. Our key contributions include: (1) a composite approach combining ML and isolation forest (iForest) to forecast household demand for hot water and steer responsive HP operations; (2) multi-step feature selection with advanced time-series analysis to capture complex usage patterns; (3) application and tuning of three ML models: Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Bi-directional LSTM with the self-attention mechanism on data from different types of real HP installations; and (4) experimental validation on six real household installations.

Our experiments show that the best-performing model LightGBM achieves superior performance, with RMSE improvements of up to 9.37\% compared to LSTM variants with R^2 values between 0.748-0.983. For anomaly detection, our iForest implementation achieved an F1-score of 0.87 with a false alarm rate of only 5.2%, demonstrating strong generalization capabilities across different household types and consumption patterns, making it suitable for real-world HP deployments.

HAELT: A Hybrid Attentive Ensemble Learning Transformer Framework for High-Frequency Stock Price Forecasting

High-frequency stock price prediction is challenging due to non-stationarity, noise, and volatility. To tackle these issues, we propose the Hybrid Attentive Ensemble Learning Transformer (HAELT), a deep learning framework combining a ResNet-based noise-mitigation module, temporal self-attention for dynamic focus on relevant history, and a hybrid LSTM-Transformer core that captures both local and long-range dependencies. These components are adaptively ensembled based on recent performance. Evaluated on hourly Apple Inc. (AAPL) data from Jan 2024 to May 2025, HAELT achieves the highest F1-Score on the test set, effectively identifying both upward and downward price movements. This demonstrates HAELT's potential for robust, practical financial forecasting and algorithmic trading.

In recent years, electricity suppliers have installed millions of smart meters worldwide to improve the management of the smart grid system. These meters collect a large amount of electrical consumption data to produce valuable information to help consumers reduce their electricity footprint. However, having non-expert users (e.g., consumers or sales advisors) understand these data and derive usage patterns for different appliances has become a significant challenge for electricity suppliers because these data record the aggregated behavior of all appliances. At the same time, ground-truth labels (which could train appliance detection and localization models) are expensive to collect and extremely scarce in practice. This paper introduces DeviceScope, an interactive tool designed to facilitate understanding smart meter data by detecting and localizing individual appliance patterns within a given time period. Our system is based on CamAL (Class Activation Map-based Appliance Localization), a novel weakly supervised approach for appliance localization that only requires the knowledge of the existence of an appliance in a household to be trained. This paper appeared in ICDE 2025.

From Transformers to Large Language Models: A systematic review of AI applications in the energy sector towards Agentic Digital Twins

Artificial intelligence (AI) has long promised to improve energy management in smart grids by enhancing situational awareness and supporting more effective decision-making. While traditional machine learning has demonstrated notable results in forecasting and optimization, it often struggles with generalization, situational awareness, and heterogeneous data integration. Recent advances in foundation models such as Transformer architecture and Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated improved capabilities in modelling complex temporal and contextual relationships, as well as in multi-modal data fusion which is essential for most AI applications in the energy sector. In this review we synthesize the rapid expanding field of AI applications in the energy domain focusing on Transformers and LLMs. We examine the architectural foundations, domain-specific adaptations and practical implementations of transformer models across various forecasting and grid management tasks. We then explore the emerging role of LLMs in the field: adaptation and fine tuning for the energy sector, the type of tasks they are suited for, and the new challenges they introduce. Along the way, we highlight practical implementations, innovations, and areas where the research frontier is rapidly expanding. These recent developments reviewed underscore a broader trend: Generative AI (GenAI) is beginning to augment decision-making not only in high-level planning but also in day-to-day operations, from forecasting and grid balancing to workforce training and asset onboarding. Building on these developments, we introduce the concept of the Agentic Digital Twin, a next-generation model that integrates LLMs to bring autonomy, proactivity, and social interaction into digital twin-based energy management systems.

Universal Differential Equations for Scientific Machine Learning of Node-Wise Battery Dynamics in Smart Grids

Universal Differential Equations (UDEs), which blend neural networks with physical differential equations, have emerged as a powerful framework for scientific machine learning (SciML), enabling data-efficient, interpretable, and physically consistent modeling. In the context of smart grid systems, modeling node-wise battery dynamics remains a challenge due to the stochasticity of solar input and variability in household load profiles. Traditional approaches often struggle with generalization and fail to capture unmodeled residual dynamics. This work proposes a UDE-based approach to learn node-specific battery evolution by embedding a neural residual into a physically inspired battery ODE. Synthetic yet realistic solar generation and load demand data are used to simulate battery dynamics over time. The neural component learns to model unobserved or stochastic corrections arising from heterogeneity in node demand and environmental conditions. Comprehensive experiments reveal that the trained UDE aligns closely with ground truth battery trajectories, exhibits smooth convergence behavior, and maintains stability in long-term forecasts. These findings affirm the viability of UDE-based SciML approaches for battery modeling in decentralized energy networks and suggest broader implications for real-time control and optimization in renewable-integrated smart grids.

Variational Autoencoder-Based Approach to Latent Feature Analysis on Efficient Representation of Power Load Monitoring Data

With the development of smart grids, High-Dimensional and Incomplete (HDI) Power Load Monitoring (PLM) data challenges the performance of Power Load Forecasting (PLF) models. In this paper, we propose a potential characterization model VAE-LF based on Variational Autoencoder (VAE) for efficiently representing and complementing PLM missing data. VAE-LF learns a low-dimensional latent representation of the data using an Encoder-Decoder structure by splitting the HDI PLM data into vectors and feeding them sequentially into the VAE-LF model, and generates the complementary data. Experiments on the UK-DALE dataset show that VAE-LF outperforms other benchmark models in both 5% and 10% sparsity test cases, with significantly lower RMSE and MAE, and especially outperforms on low sparsity ratio data. The method provides an efficient data-completion solution for electric load management in smart grids.

Benchmarking Pre-Trained Time Series Models for Electricity Price Forecasting

Accurate electricity price forecasting (EPF) is crucial for effective decision-making in power trading on the spot market. While recent advances in generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) and pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have inspired the development of numerous time series foundation models (TSFMs) for time series forecasting, their effectiveness in EPF remains uncertain. To address this gap, we benchmark several state-of-the-art pretrained models--Chronos-Bolt, Chronos-T5, TimesFM, Moirai, Time-MoE, and TimeGPT--against established statistical and machine learning (ML) methods for EPF. Using 2024 day-ahead auction (DAA) electricity prices from Germany, France, the Netherlands, Austria, and Belgium, we generate daily forecasts with a one-day horizon. Chronos-Bolt and Time-MoE emerge as the strongest among the TSFMs, performing on par with traditional models. However, the biseasonal MSTL model, which captures daily and weekly seasonality, stands out for its consistent performance across countries and evaluation metrics, with no TSFM statistically outperforming it.

Federated Learning for Smart Grid: A Survey on Applications and Potential Vulnerabilities

The Smart Grid (SG) is a critical energy infrastructure that collects real-time electricity usage data to forecast future energy demands using information and communication technologies (ICT). Due to growing concerns about data security and privacy in SGs, federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising training framework. FL offers a balance between privacy, efficiency, and accuracy in SGs by enabling collaborative model training without sharing private data from IoT devices. In this survey, we thoroughly review recent advancements in designing FL-based SG systems across three stages: generation, transmission and distribution, and consumption. Additionally, we explore potential vulnerabilities that may arise when implementing FL in these stages. Furthermore, we discuss the gap between state-of-the-art (SOTA) FL research and its practical applications in SGs, and we propose future research directions. Unlike traditional surveys addressing security issues in centralized machine learning methods for SG systems, this survey is the first to specifically examine the applications and security concerns unique to FL-based SG systems. We also introduce FedGridShield, an open-source framework featuring implementations of SOTA attack and defense methods. Our aim is to inspire further research into applications and improvements in the robustness of FL-based SG systems.

Real-Time Cascade Mitigation in Power Systems Using Influence Graph Improved by Reinforcement Learning

Despite high reliability, modern power systems with growing renewable penetration face an increasing risk of cascading outages. Real-time cascade mitigation requires fast, complex operational decisions under uncertainty. In this work, we extend the influence graph into a Markov decision process model (MDP) for real-time mitigation of cascading outages in power transmission systems, accounting for uncertainties in generation, load, and initial contingencies. The MDP includes a do-nothing action to allow for conservative decision-making and is solved using reinforcement learning. We present a policy gradient learning algorithm initialized with a policy corresponding to the unmitigated case and designed to handle invalid actions. The proposed learning method converges faster than the conventional algorithm. Through careful reward design, we learn a policy that takes conservative actions without deteriorating system conditions. The model is validated on the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems. The results show that proactive line disconnections can effectively reduce cascading risk, and certain lines consistently emerge as critical in mitigating cascade propagation.

Advances in AI portend a new era of sophisticated disinformation operations. While individual AI systems already create convincing -- and at times misleading -- information, an imminent development is the emergence of malicious AI swarms. These systems can coordinate covertly, infiltrate communities, evade traditional detectors, and run continuous A/B tests, with round-the-clock persistence. The result can include fabricated grassroots consensus, fragmented shared reality, mass harassment, voter micro-suppression or mobilization, contamination of AI training data, and erosion of institutional trust. With democratic processes worldwide increasingly vulnerable, we urge a three-pronged response: (1) platform-side defenses -- always-on swarm-detection dashboards, pre-election high-fidelity swarm-simulation stress-tests, transparency audits, and optional client-side "AI shields" for users; (2) model-side safeguards -- standardized persuasion-risk tests, provenance-authenticating passkeys, and watermarking; and (3) system-level oversight -- a UN-backed AI Influence Observatory.

Real-world time series are often governed by complex nonlinear dynamics. Understanding these underlying dynamics is crucial for precise future prediction. While deep learning has achieved major success in time series forecasting, many existing approaches do not explicitly model the dynamics. To bridge this gap, we introduce DeepEDM, a framework that integrates nonlinear dynamical systems modeling with deep neural networks. Inspired by empirical dynamic modeling (EDM) and rooted in Takens' theorem, DeepEDM presents a novel deep model that learns a latent space from time-delayed embeddings, and employs kernel regression to approximate the underlying dynamics, while leveraging efficient implementation of softmax attention and allowing for accurate prediction of future time steps. To evaluate our method, we conduct comprehensive experiments on synthetic data of nonlinear dynamical systems as well as real-world time series across domains. Our results show that DeepEDM is robust to input noise, and outperforms state-of-the-art methods in forecasting accuracy.

TimeRecipe: A Time-Series Forecasting Recipe via Benchmarking Module Level Effectiveness

Time-series forecasting is an essential task with wide real-world applications across domains. While recent advances in deep learning have enabled time-series forecasting models with accurate predictions, there remains considerable debate over which architectures and design components, such as series decomposition or normalization, are most effective under varying conditions. Existing benchmarks primarily evaluate models at a high level, offering limited insight into why certain designs work better. To mitigate this gap, we propose TimeRecipe, a unified benchmarking framework that systematically evaluates time-series forecasting methods at the module level. TimeRecipe conducts over 10,000 experiments to assess the effectiveness of individual components across a diverse range of datasets, forecasting horizons, and task settings. Our results reveal that exhaustive exploration of the design space can yield models that outperform existing state-of-the-art methods and uncover meaningful intuitions linking specific design choices to forecasting scenarios. Furthermore, we release a practical toolkit within TimeRecipe that recommends suitable model architectures based on these empirical insights. The benchmark is available at github.

Malicious node aware wireless multi hop networks: a systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research

Wireless communication provides great advantages that are not available through their wired counterparts such as flexibility, ease of deployment and use, cost reductions, and convenience. Wireless multi-hop networks (WMN) do not have any centralized management infrastructure. Wireless multi-hop networks have many benefits since proposed. In such networks when a node wants to send a packet to a destination where is not in the transmission range, depend on some intermediate nodes. In this type of networks packet sending is in the form of multiple hop until destination and this work is dynamic. Lack of centralized management cause that some nodes show malicious function. Malicious nodes are that receive packets and drop them maliciously. These malicious nodes could have many reasons such as hardware failure, software failure or lack of power. Such nodes make multiple packets drop from the network and the performance of network strongly decreases. As a result, the throughput of the network decrease, increase end-to-end delay and increase overhead. Therefore, we must aware from presence of malicious node in the network and do routing based on this awareness. Therefore, this paper aims to study and review the present malicious node detection methods that proposed in literatures. We categorized networks in groups, including ad hoc networks, MANET, DTN, Opportunistic networks, WSN, VANET and other wireless networks and compare malicious node detection met

Some notes in trying to eliminate the brunt of the log level spamming. The entries seem to occur primarily when switching virtual desktops. And also when alt-tabbing between windows.

Current logging level can be determined with (this is after I made changes, some lines have been removed for succinctness):

root@x670e:/home/rpb# systemctl --user show plasma-kwin_wayland | grep -i log
SyslogPriority=30
SyslogLevelPrefix=yes
SyslogLevel=6
SyslogFacility=3
LogLevelMax=5
DropInPaths=/usr/lib/systemd/user/plasma-kwin_wayland.service.d/log.conf

A change to the logging level can be made with (doesn't seem to totally work. but was worth a try):

mkdir /usr/lib/systemd/user/plasma-kwin_wayland.service.d

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/user/plasma-kwin_wayland.service.d/log.conf << EOF
[Service]
LogLevelMax=warning
StandardOutput=null
EOF

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl --user daemon-reload
# optional, close all work, as this resets the gui session:
systemctl --user restart plasma-kwin_wayland

Hints of a solution are at kwin_wayland spamming journal with GPU info.

Check to see if the file was included with:

systemctl --user cat plasma-kwin_wayland 

Logging destination can be checked with:

 systemctl --user show plasma-kwin_wayland | grep Standard
StandardInput=null
StandardOutput=journal
StandardError=inherit

Package: rtkit (0.13-5.1 and others) describes trkit-daemon as:

RealtimeKit is a D-Bus system service that changes the scheduling policy of user processes/threads to SCHED_RR (i.e. realtime scheduling mode) on request. It is intended to be used as a secure mechanism to allow real-time scheduling to be used by normal user processes.

The control file is located at /usr/lib/systemd/system/rtkit-daemon.service. Additional configurations can be supplied via .conf files in /usr/lib/systemd/system/rtkit-daemon.service.d.

In Debian, logging for rtkit-daemon has not been specifically specified.

Based upon notes at Stop rtkit-daemon from spamming logs with "Supervising X threads of Y processes of Z users", the solution is simply to set the logging level.

mkdir /usr/lib/systemd/system/rtkit-daemon.service.d

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/rtkit-daemon.service.d/log.conf << EOF
[Service]
LogLevelMax=info
EOF

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart rtkit-daemon.service

Since the message is of level debuginfo, logging level info should eliminate most of the spam.

Logging level is a numeric value based upon the following list:

• 0 or emergency, (highest priority messages)
• 1 or alert,
• 2 or critical,
• 3 or error,
• 4 or warning,
• 5 or notice,
• 6 or info
• 7 or debuginfo (lowest priority messages)

Note: if no loglevel is specified in whatever systemd service .conf file, the loglevel of the daemon defaults to 7, in other words allowing the highest level of verbosity (which confirms my earlier statement). More details can be founrd in systemd.exec — Execution environment configuration.

There is an outstanding bug in Debian. Continue reading "rtkit-daemon[<pid>]: Supervising..." »

When starting out in automating processes and functions in infrastructure management and software deployment, typically much time is spent in putting the nuts and bolts of the system together through declarative commands from such tools as Ansible or Terraform.

Once typical patterns have been encountered and documented, an additional level of abstraction can be used to manage the intent of these deployments. Rather than building single-purpose scripts to handle individual elements, these purpose built patterns can be aggregated (like subroutines) to start to assemble and configure multiple integrated components of infrastructure.

These assemblies can then be used to ensure that test scenarios are consistent across pre-prod environments such as development, quality assurance, performance optimization and on into production.

High level abstraction designs become the defacto documentation for how something is built.

Network Automation Is More than Just Ansible

Start at the Beginning-Automating Network Design: Claudia de Luna’s AutoCon3 Opening Keynote Summary

Some tabs I've had open for too many years, need to clean up, but thought important enough that I might come back to them.

• Linux sysctl - tutorial shows where some of the most used and quoted sysctl/network parameters are located into the Linux network flow
• A deep dive into Linux namespaces, part 4 (ifeanyi.co) - A deep dive into Linux namespaces - in multiple parts - A Linux namespace is an abstraction over resources in the operating system. We can think of a namespace as a box. Inside this box are these system resources, which ones exactly depend on the box’s (namespace’s) type. There are currently 7 types of namespaces Cgroup, IPC, Network, Mount, PID, User, UTS.
• Making containers safer - different kernel mechanisms that can be used to make containers more secure and provided some recommendations
• How To Show Available WiFi Networks, Their Channels, Signal Strength And More From The Command Line - starting point: How to Show Available WiFi Networks on Linux from the Command Line (linuxuprising.com) - eg

  nmcli -f ALL dev wifi

  horst

• Hacking Reolink cameras for fun and profit - binwalk, strace, wireshark, ghidra, gdb, busybox, baichuan protocol, ...
• Reverse engineering my router's firmware with binwalk (embeddedbits.org) - hackernews
• Firefox Multi-Account Containers
• I2C in a Nutshell (memfault.com) - hackernews, I2C in a Nutshell - content
• This is why I use ad blockers and a pi-hole server” (twitter.com/poa_nyc) - hackernews
• lobster network summary
• Linux Performance: Almost Always Add Swap Space – Part 2: ZRAM
• how Linux keeps time - and how to use it
• OBS Studio: Open-source software for video recording and live streaming (obsproject.com) - hackernews
• Intel Virtualisation: How VT-X, KVM and QEMU Work Together (binarydebt.wordpress.com) - hackernews, Binary Debt

A Two-Staged LLM-Based Framework for CI/CD Failure Detection and Remediation with Industrial Validation

Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines are pivotal to modern software engineering, yet diagnosing and resolving their failures remains a complex and labor-intensive challenge. In this paper, we present LogSage, the first end-to-end LLM-powered framework that performs root cause analysis and solution generation from failed CI/CD pipeline logs. During the root cause analysis stage, LogSage employs a specialized log preprocessing pipeline tailored for LLMs, which extracts critical error logs and eliminates noise to enhance the precision of LLM-driven root cause analysis. In the solution generation stage, LogSage leverages RAG to integrate historical resolution strategies and utilizes tool-calling to deliver actionable, automated fixes. We evaluated the root cause analysis stage using a newly curated open-source dataset, achieving 98\% in precision and 12\% improvement over naively designed LLM-based log analysis baselines, while attaining near-perfect recall. The end-to-end system was rigorously validated in a large-scale industrial CI/CD environment of production quality, processing more than 3,000 executions daily and accumulating more than 1.07 million executions in its first year of deployment, with end-to-end precision exceeding 88\%. These two forms of evaluation confirm that LogSage providing a scalable and practical solution to manage CI/CD pipeline failures in real-world DevOps workflows.

Grasp2Grasp: Vision-Based Dexterous Grasp Translation via Schrodinger Bridges

We propose a new approach to vision-based dexterous grasp translation, which aims to transfer grasp intent across robotic hands with differing morphologies. Given a visual observation of a source hand grasping an object, our goal is to synthesize a functionally equivalent grasp for a target hand without requiring paired demonstrations or hand-specific simulations. We frame this problem as a stochastic transport between grasp distributions using the Schr\"odinger Bridge formalism. Our method learns to map between source and target latent grasp spaces via score and flow matching, conditioned on visual observations. To guide this translation, we introduce physics-informed cost functions that encode alignment in base pose, contact maps, wrench space, and manipulability. Experiments across diverse hand-object pairs demonstrate our approach generates stable, physically grounded grasps with strong generalization. This work enables semantic grasp transfer for heterogeneous manipulators and bridges vision-based grasping with probabilistic generative modeling.